Ethnic Studies

• Hallucinations - If a chatbot doesn't have the necessary data to answer a question it may simply make up answers to prompts, which is called a hallucination. For example, if you prompt a chatbot for books and articles on a particular topic, it may provide citations that sound plausible but aren't real.* The only way to know whether a source generated by AI is accurate is to search for it yourself. Therefore, you would be better off using the Library databases to search for sources. 
• Attribution - Chatbots create responses based on enormous amounts of synthesized data, which makes it impossible to know the origin of the information.
• Replication - Because chatbots produce a different response each time they are prompted, there is no way to reliably recreate the same results. This is particularly problematic when it comes to scientific research.
• Currency - Access to up-to-date information varies from chatbot to chatbot, which makes it difficult to know whether information is current.
• Bias - Chatbots can provide biased information because of training data that focuses on specific demographics. 

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* Further reading on misuse of AI and fake citations:

- "Misinformation expert cites non-existent sources in Minnesota deep fake case"

https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/11/20/misinformation-expert-cites-non-existent-sources-in-minnesota-deep-fake-case/

 - "Judge rebukes Stanford misinformation expert for using ChatGPT to draft testimony"

https://minnesotareformer.com/2025/01/14/judge-rebukes-stanford-misinformation-expert-for-using-chatgpt-to-draft-testimony/

"Technologies are not neutral and neither are the societies into which they are introduced.  

-Civics of Technology

Generative AI is implicated in a host of ethical issues and social costs, including:

• bias, misrepresentation, and marginalization
• labor exploitation and worker harms*
• misinformation and disinformation
• privacy violations and data extraction
• copyright and authorship issues 
• environmental costs**

*Digital workers from Kenya train AI models have been deceived, are exposed to graphically disturbing content, suffer from harmful work conditions, and are paid $2 per hour.

**Using GAI puts stress on our drinking water supplies

Original text published by Amherst College Library -  https://libguides.amherst.edu/genAI

To learn more information about ethical issues and generative artificial intelligence, visit:

 https://guides.franklin.edu/ai/ethics